In what cases might confidential information be disclosed in court?

The disclosure of confidential information in court is primarily determined by legal requirements and the authority of the court. When a subpoena is issued, it compels the counselor to provide specific information, and if the court deems it essential for the proceedings, the counselor is legally bound to comply. This means that the court has evaluated the necessity of the information for the case at hand and overrides the confidentiality protections that typically safeguard client information.

In contrast, while client consent can sometimes lead to disclosure, it is not the primary basis in legal contexts where confidentiality may be compromised. Similarly, any notion of disclosing information based on the counselor's belief that it is in the client's best interest or for research purposes does not hold legal ground in a court setting. Unauthorized disclosure for these reasons does not align with the legal standards for confidentiality and could potentially violate ethical guidelines.